The 1952 Mulki Agitation in Hyderabad was a significant socio-political movement that arose in response to perceived violations of the Mulki Rules, which were established to protect the employment rights of local residents (Mulki individuals) in the government and administration of Hyderabad State. Here’s a comprehensive overview of the agitation, its causes, events, and consequences:

Background

  1. Mulki Rules:

    • The Mulki Rules were implemented in 1919 under the Nizam’s Farman to reserve government jobs for residents of Hyderabad who had lived in the state for a specified period.
    • The intent was to protect the rights and interests of the local population against the influx of Non-Mulkis (outsiders) in government employment.

  2. Post-Independence Context:

    • After the merger of Hyderabad State into the Indian Union in 1948, the implementation of the Mulki Rules became crucial, especially in the context of new job opportunities arising in the administration.
    • Despite their importance, there were widespread concerns among the local populace that the Mulki Rules were being violated, leading to increased tensions.

Causes of the Agitation

  1. Violation of Mulki Rules:

    • There were growing reports of Non-Mulkis being appointed to government positions, undermining the purpose of the Mulki Rules.
    • Local residents felt marginalized and feared losing employment opportunities to outsiders, leading to widespread discontent.

  2. Economic Discontent:

    • The economic conditions in Hyderabad were challenging, with high unemployment rates and limited opportunities for local residents.
    • Many believed that the government’s failure to enforce the Mulki Rules exacerbated their economic struggles.

  3. Political Mobilization:

    • The Indian National Congress, which had come to power in the 1952 elections under Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, was expected to uphold the rights of Mulki residents.
    • Local leaders and student organizations began to mobilize support for the cause, pushing for a stronger implementation of the Mulki Rules.

Key Events of the Agitation

  1. Formation of the Mulki League:

    • In response to the growing discontent, the Mulki League was formed as a political organization advocating for the rights of local residents.
    • The league played a crucial role in organizing protests and rallies to raise awareness about the violation of the Mulki Rules.

  2. Protests and Demonstrations:

    • The agitation gained momentum with large-scale protests and demonstrations by students, professionals, and local residents across Hyderabad.
    • Protesters demanded the strict enforcement of the Mulki Rules and called for job reservations for local individuals in government employment.

  3. Government Response:

    • The government initially tried to suppress the agitation through police action and arrests of protest leaders.
    • This heavy-handed response further fueled public anger and increased participation in the agitation.

Consequences of the Agitation

  1. Political Impact:

    • The Mulki Agitation highlighted the deep-seated grievances of the local population and led to increased political consciousness among residents of Hyderabad.
    • It forced the government to acknowledge the importance of the Mulki Rules and the need for their strict enforcement.

  2. Enforcement of the Mulki Rules:

    • In response to the agitation and mounting pressure, the government began to take steps to reinforce the Mulki Rules.
    • Measures were introduced to ensure that job opportunities were prioritized for Mulki residents, addressing some of the concerns raised during the agitation.

  3. Long-term Implications:

    • The Mulki Agitation laid the groundwork for future movements advocating for regional rights and representation, particularly in the context of the Telangana movement.
    • The agitation was a precursor to ongoing demands for greater autonomy and identity for the people of Telangana within the Indian Union.

  4. Formation of New Political Alliances:

    • The agitation also led to the formation of new political alliances and groups that focused on the rights of local residents, influencing the political dynamics of the region in subsequent years.

Conclusion

The 1952 Mulki Agitation was a pivotal moment in the history of Hyderabad State, reflecting the aspirations and grievances of the local population. It underscored the significance of the Mulki Rules and the need for fair representation in government employment. The agitation not only brought attention to local rights but also laid the foundation for future movements advocating for social justice, equity, and regional identity in Telangana. Understanding this agitation is essential for comprehending the historical context and ongoing socio-political dynamics in the region.