The Mulki-Non-Mulki issue in Telangana, particularly in the context of Hyderabad, refers to the debate and conflict over the rights of local residents (Mulki) versus those from outside the region (Non-Mulki). This issue has its origins in historical, social, and political factors that evolved over several decades. Here’s an overview of its origins and significance:

Historical Context

  1. Hyderabad State Formation:

    • The Hyderabad State was established under the Nizam's rule in the early 18th century, comprising diverse communities, languages, and cultures.
    • The Nizam's administration encouraged migration for economic and administrative purposes, leading to a multicultural population.

  2. Constitution of the Nizam’s Rule:

    • The Nizam's administration employed a system that distinguished between Mulki (native) and Non-Mulki (non-native) residents.
    • The term "Mulki" referred to those who had roots in the state, while "Non-Mulki" referred to individuals who had migrated from other regions, particularly after the establishment of the Nizam’s government.

Factors Contributing to the Mulki-Non-Mulki Issue

  1. Employment and Education:

    • As the Hyderabad State modernized, opportunities for education and employment increased, especially in government jobs.
    • The question arose regarding the reservation of jobs for Mulki individuals, leading to a sense of entitlement among local residents.

  2. Demographic Changes:

    • Post-independence, there was an influx of people from neighboring states into Hyderabad, particularly after the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. This led to tensions between local and non-local populations over job opportunities and resources.

  3. Political Movements:

    • The Telangana Rebellion (1946-1951) and subsequent political movements heightened awareness of regional identity and rights.
    • Various political parties began to exploit the Mulki-Non-Mulki issue for electoral gains, often portraying it as a struggle for local rights against outside encroachment.

  4. Government Policies:

    • In the early 1970s, the issue gained prominence when the Hyderabad High Court ruled in favor of Mulki status for local residents in government jobs.
    • The Mulki Rules, established in 1970, mandated that only individuals who had resided in the Hyderabad region for a specified period could apply for certain government positions, leading to further divisions.

  5. Social and Economic Disparities:

    • The rapid economic development of Hyderabad attracted many Non-Mulkis seeking better opportunities, causing friction with the Mulki population.
    • As resources became increasingly limited, competition for jobs and social services led to a growing sense of alienation among Mulki residents.

Key Events

  1. Movement for Mulki Rights:

    • The demand for Mulki status gained momentum in the 1970s, resulting in protests and agitation by local youth and political groups, particularly in Hyderabad.
    • Activists argued that the influx of Non-Mulkis was undermining the rights of local residents and called for measures to protect Mulki interests.

  2. Legislative Changes:

    • The government responded to the growing tensions by enforcing policies aimed at reserving jobs for Mulki individuals. This included various amendments and notifications designed to delineate rights based on residency.

  3. Continued Tensions:

    • Despite legislative measures, the issue remained contentious, with accusations from both sides regarding discrimination, nepotism, and corruption.
    • The Mulki-Non-Mulki debate became intertwined with broader discussions about regional identity, autonomy, and statehood.

Conclusion

The Mulki-Non-Mulki issue is a significant chapter in the socio-political history of Telangana and Hyderabad. It encapsulates the complexities of identity, belonging, and rights in a rapidly changing society. The legacy of this issue continues to influence contemporary discussions about regionalism, governance, and social justice in Telangana. Understanding the origins and evolution of the Mulki-Non-Mulki issue is essential for addressing ongoing challenges related to equity, representation, and development in the region.